Acronyms

A

3Dnow! Multi-Media Extensions (AMD)
AC Alternating Current
ACPI Advanced Configuration and Power Interface
AE Applications Engineer
AFS Andrew File System
AI Artificial Intelligence
ALU Arithmetic-Logic Unit
AM Amplitude Modulated
AMD Advanced Micro Devices, Inc.
AMI American Megatrends Inc.
ANSI American National Standards Institute
APIC Advanced Programmable Interrupt Controller
APM Advanced Power Management
ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange
ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit
ASPI Advanced SCSI Programming Interface
AT Advanced Technology
ATA AT bus Attachment
ATAPI ATA Packet Interface
ATDM Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing
ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
AUI Attached Unit Interface

B

BBS Bulletin Board System
BCC Block Check Character
BCD Binary Coded Decimal
BE Back End
BEDO Burst EDO
BiCMOS Bipolar Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
BIOS Basic Input / Output System
BNC Bayonet Nut Connector
BPS/bps Bytes/bits Per Second
BSC Binary Synchronous Communications
BSD Berkeley Standard Distribution
BTU British Thermal Units

C

CAD Computer Aided Design
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
CAM Content Addressable Memory
CAM Common Access Method
CAS Column Address Strobe
CBX Common Branch eXtender
CCD Charge Coupled Device
CCITT Consultative Committee of International Telephony and Telegraphy
CD Carrier Detect
CDDI Copper Distributed Data Interface
CDROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory
CGA Colour Graphics Adapter
CHS Cylinder Head Sector
CISC Complex Instruction-Set Computer
CLA Carry Look-ahead Adder
CMOS Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
CP/M Control Program / Monitor
CPI Clocks Per Instruction
CQFP Ceramic Quad Flat Pack
CPU Central Processing Unit
CR Carriage Return
CRC Cyclical Redundancy Check
CRQ Command Response Queue
CRT Cathode Ray Tube
CS Chip Select
CSMA/CDCarrier Sense Multiple-Access /with Collision Detect
CSR Command Status Register

D

DAT Digital Audio Tape
DC Direct Current
DCD Data Carrier Detect
DCE Data Circuit-terminating Equipment
DD Double Density
DDC Display Data Channel
DEC Digital Equipment Corporation
DES Data Encryption Standard
DID Direct Inward Dial
DIN Deutsche Industrie Norm (German)
DIP Dual-In-line Package
DIS Draft International Standard
DMA Direct Memory Access
DMI Desktop Management Interface
DOS Disk Operating System
DP Dual Processor/ing
DPE Data Parity Error
DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying
DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory
DRDOS Digital Research Disk Operating System
DS Double Sided
DSP Digital Signal Processor
DSR Data Set Ready
DTC Data Terminal Controller
DTE Data Terminating Equipment
DTMF Dual-Tone Multi-Frequency

E

EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
EC Error Check
ECC Error Check and Correction
ECL Emitter-Coupled Logic
ECO Engineering Change Order
ECP Enhanced Communication Port
ECU EISA Configuration Utility
EDO Extended Data Out RAM
EDPT Enhanced Disk Parameter Table
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter
EIA Electronic Industries Association
EIDE Enhanced Integrated Device Electronics
EISA Enhanced Industry Standard Architecture
EMI Electro-Magnetic Interference
EMF Electro-Magnetic Force
EMS Expanded Memory Specification
EOF End Of File
EOL End Of Line
EOS Electrical Over Stress
EPP Enhanced Parallel Port
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory
ESCD Extended System Configuration Data
ESD Electro-Static Discharge
ESDI Enhanced Small Devices Interface

F

FAT File Allocation Table
FCC Federal Communications Commission
FDD Fixed / Floppy Disk Drive
FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface
FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing
FDX Full-Duplex Transmission
FE Front End
FEP Front End Processor
FF Form Feed
FIFO First-In First-Out
FILO First-In Last-Out
FM Frequency Modulation
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array
FPM Fast Page Mode RAM
FPU Floating Point Unit
FRC Functional Redundancy Checking
FRU Field-Replaceable Unit
FSF Free Software Foundation
FSK Frequency Shifty Keying
FTP File Transfer Protocol

G

GAS Gallium Arsenide
GFLOPS Billions of FLOating Point Operations Per Second (GigaFlops)
GNU Gnu's Not UNIX
GUI Graphical User Interface

H

HD High Density / Hard Disk
HDD Hard Disk Drive
HDX Half-Duplex Transmission
HFS Hierarchical File System
HPFS High Performance File System
HS Helical Scan

I

I/O Input / Output
IBM International Business Machines Corporation
IC Integrated Circuit
IDC Insulation Displacement Connector
IDE Integrated Device Electronics
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers
IMP Interface Message Processor
IPC Inter Process Communication
IPX Inter network Packet eXchange
IRQ Interrupt ReQuest
ISA Industry Standard Architecture
ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network
ISO International Standards Organisation

J

JFS Journalised File System

K

KNI Katmai New Instructions
KVA KiloVolt-Amps

L

LAN Local Area Network
LBA Linear Block Array / Addressing
LCD Liquid Crystal Display
LED Light Emitting Diode
LF Line Feed
LIM Lotus/Intel/Microsoft's Expanded Memory Manager (EMS)
LRU Least-Recently Used
LSB/lsb Least Significant Byte/bit
LSI Large Scale Integration
LUN Logical Unit Number

M

MAN Metropolitan Area Network
MB/Mb Mega Bytes/bits
MBR Master Boot Record
MCA Micro Channel Architecture
MCGA Multi-Colour Graphics Array
MCM Multi-Chip Module
MDRAM Multi-bank RAM
MFLOPS Millions of FLOating Point Operations per Second (MegaFlops)
MFM Modified Frequency Modulated
MHz MegaHertz
MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
MIDI Musical Instrument Data Interface
MIMD Multiple-Instruction Multiple-Data
MIPS Millions of Instructions per Second
MISD Multiple-Instruction Single Data
MMU Memory Management Unit
MMX Multi-Media Extensions
MNP Microcom Network Protocol
MODEM MOdulator / DEModulator
MOPS Millions of Operations Per Second
MOS Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
MP Multi-Processor
MPP Massively Parallel Processor
MPS Multi-Processor System
MSB/msb Most Significant Byte/bit
MSDOS Microsoft's Disk Operating System
MSI Medium Scale Integration

N

N/C No-Connect
NBS National Bureau of Standards
NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association
NFS Network File System
NFU Not-Frequently Used
NMI Non-Maskable Interrupt
NMOS Negatively doped Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
NOP No OPeration
NRU Not-Recently Used
NSF National Science Foundation
NVRAM NonVolatile Random Access Memory

O

OCR Optical Character Recognition
ODI Open Datalink Interface
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer
OS Operating System
OSF Open Software Foundation
OSI Open Systems Interconnect

P

PAL/PLA Programmable Array Logic / Logic Array
PB Push Button
PBX Private Branch eXtender
PC Personal Computer, Program Counter
PCB Printed Circuit Board
PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect
PCM Pulse Code Modulation
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association
PE Processor Element
PFF Page Fault Frequency
PGA Professional Graphics Array
PGA Pin Grid Array
PIC Programmable Interrupt Controller
PIO Programmed Input / Output
PIROM Processor Information ROM
PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier
PLL Phase Locked Loop
PM Preventive Maintenance
PMOS Positively doped Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
PnP Plug-and-Play
POST Power On Self Test
PPP Point-to-Point Protocol
PQFP Plastic Quad Flat Pack
PROM Programmable Read Only Memory
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network
PTE Page Table Entry

Q

QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
QFP Quad Flat Pack
QIC Quarter Inch Cartridge

R

RAID Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks
RAM Random Access Memory
RAMDAC Random Access Memory Digital to Analogue Converter
RAS Row Address Strobe
RCA Radio Corporation of America
RCC Routing Control Centre
RDRAM Rambus DRAM
RFC Request For Comments
RFI Radio Frequency Interference
RI Ring Indicator
RISC Reduced Instruction-Set Computer
RLL Run Length Limited
RMS Root Mean Squared
RMW Read Modify Write
ROM Read Only Memory
RPC Remote Procedure Call
RPM Rotations Per Minute
RTC Real Time Clock
RTS Request To Send

S

SAM Sequential Access Memory
SASI Shugart Associates Standard Interface
SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface
SD Single Density
SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control
SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic RAM
SDRAM DDR II Double Data Rate SDRAM
SDRAM BDDR II Bi-Directional Strobed DDR SDRAM
SE Systems Engineer
SEC Single Edge Contact
SFF Small Form Factor
SGRAM Synchronous Graphics RAM
SIMD Single-Instruction Multiple-Data
SIMM Single Inline Memory Module
SIPP Single Inline Pinned Package
SISD Single-Instruction Single-Data
SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol
SMD Surface Mount Device
SMT Surface Mount Technology
SNA System Network Architecture
SNR Signal to Noise Ratio
SO/SOL Small Out Line
SOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit
SPOOL Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line
SPT Sectors Per Track
SPU Single Processor Unit
SRAM Static Random Access Memory
SS Single Sided
STDM Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing
STN Super Twisted Nematic
STU Streaming Tape Unit
SVGA Super Video Graphics Array

T

TCM Trellis Code Modulation
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol / Internet Protocol
TDM Time Division Multiplexing
TI Texas Instruments
TIA Telecomm. Industry Association
TLB Translation-Lookaside Buffer
TPI Tracks Per Inch
TRANSISTOR TRANSformer resISTOR
TSR Terminate and Stay Resident
TTL Transistor-Transistor Logic
TUV Technischer Ueberwachuags Verein (German)

U

UAE Unrecoverable Application Error
UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter
UDP User Datagram Protocol
UMB Upper Memory Block
UPS Un-interruptible Power Supply
USL UNIX System Labs
UUCP UNIX to UNIX Copy Program

V

VBE Video BIOS Extensions
VCR Video Cassette Recorder
VESA Video Enhanced Standards Association
VGA Video Graphics Array
VLB VESA Local Bus
VLIW Very Long Instruction Word
VLSI Very Large Scale Integration
VM Virtual Memory
VME Versa Module Euro-card
VRAM Video Random Access Memory
VRT Voltage Reduction Technology
VTR Video Tape Recorder

W

WAN Wide Area Network
WATS Wide Area Telephone Service
WD Western Digital
WORM Write Once - Read-Many
WRAM Window Random Access Memory
WS Wait State

X

XGA eXtended Graphics Array
XMS Extended Memory Specification
XOR Exclusive-OR
XT eXtended Technology

Y

Y - Sorry!!!
No Acronyms !

Z

ZIF Zero Insertion Force

Enjoy.....!!!!!

Using fscommand.

Use the fscommand action to send a message to whichever program is hosting the Flash Player. The fscommand action has two parameters: command and arguments. To send a message to the stand-alone version of the Flash Player, you must use predefined commands and arguments. For example, the following action sets the stand-alone player to scale the movie to the full monitor screen size when the button is released:

on(release){
 fscommand("fullscreen", "true");
}

The following table shows the values you can specify for the command and arguments parameters of the fscommand action to control a movie playing in the stand-alone player (including projectors):

Command	Arguments	Purpose
quit	None	Closes the projector.
fullscreen	true or false	Specifying true sets the Flash Player to full-screen mode. Specifying false returns the player to normal menu view.
allowscale	true or false	Specifying false sets the player so that the movie is always drawn at its original size and never scaled. Specifying true forces the movie to scale to 100% of the player.
showmenu	true or false	Specifying true enables the full set of context menu items. Specifying false dims all the context menu items except About Flash Player.
exec	Path to application	Executes an application from within the projector.

To use fscommand to send a message to a scripting language such as JavaScript in a Web browser, you can pass any two arguments in the command and arguments parameters. These arguments can be strings or expressions and will be used in a JavaScript function that "catches," or handles, the fscommand action.

An fscommand action invokes the JavaScript function moviename_DoFSCommand in the HTML page that embeds the Flash movie, where moviename is the name of the Flash Player as assigned by the NAME attribute of the EMBED tag or the ID attribute of the OBJECT tag. If the Flash Player is assigned the name my Movie, the JavaScript function in voked is my Movie_DoFSCommand.


To use the fscommand action to open a message box from a Flash movie in the HTML page through JavaScript:

1	In the HTML page that embeds the Flash movie, add the following JavaScript code:
	function theMovie_DoFSCommand(command, args) { if (command == "messagebox") { alert(args); } }
	If you publish your movie using the Flash with FSCommand template in the HTML Publish Settings, this code is inserted automatically. The movie's NAME and ID attributes will be the file name. For example, for the file myMovie.fla, the attributes would be set to myMovie. For more information about publishing, see Flash Help.
2	In the Flash movie, add the fscommand action to a button:
	fscommand("messagebox", "This is a message box invoked from within Flash.")
	You can also use expressions for the fscommand action and arguments, as in the following example:
	fscommand("messagebox", "Hello, " & name & ", welcome to our Web site!")
3	Choose File > Publish Preview > HTML to test the movie.

The fscommand action can send messages to Macromedia Director that are interpreted by Lingo as strings, events, or executable Lingo code. If the message is a string or an event, you must write the Lingo code to receive it from the fscommand action and carry out an action in Director. For more information, see the Director Support Center.

In Visual Basic, Visual C++, and other programs that can host ActiveX controls, fscommand sends a VB event with two strings that can be handled in the environment's programming language. For more information, use the keywords Flash method to search the Support Center.

SQL Commands.

SQL commands are instructions used to communicate with the database to perform specific task that work with data. SQL commands can be used not only for searching the database but also to perform various other functions like, for example, you can create tables, add data to tables, or modify data, drop the table, set permissions for users. SQL commands are grouped into four major categories depending on their functionality:

• Data Definition Language (DDL) - These SQL commands are used for creating, modifying, and dropping the structure of database objects. The commands are CREATE, ALTER, DROP, RENAME, and TRUNCATE.
• Data Manipulation Language (DML) - These SQL commands are used for storing, retrieving, modifying, and deleting data. These commands are SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE.
• Transaction Control Language (TCL) - These SQL commands are used for managing changes affecting the data. These commands are COMMIT, ROLLBACK, and SAVEPOINT.
• Data Control Language (DCL) - These SQL commands are used for providing security to database objects. These commands are GRANT and REVOKE.

C++ Interview Questions and Answers.

C++ Interview Questions and Answers.

CLICK HERE

10 Ways Google Detects Invalid Clicks.

     We always hear that Google Adsense has a sophisticated system to detect the invalid clicks, and result in termination of the cheaters' account. But, how can Google do that? In this post, I summarize those ways that Google depends on to detect whether the clicks on your site are invalid or not. Google will not first banyour account immediately. Rather, they will first flag your account and Google will keep a closer eye to your account. In some occasion, they may send you a warning letter to notify your situation but sometimes not.

1. IP Address
It is the easiest and must be recognized by everyone. If those clicks on your ads are originated from the same IP Address as the one used for accessing your AdSense account, your account is flagged.

2. Click Through Rate (CTR)
Normally, Click through Rate should not exceed 10%. Otherwise, Google will flag your account. For your information, normal CTR should ranges from 0.5% - 10%.

3. Physical Location
Google has good tracing software and technology.They can trace traffics origin down to the small town. So, using different computers with different IP address does not secure anything. So, don't try to click your ads in various Internet cafes. That will kill you.

4. Cookies
Most home users do not use static IP Address for Internet connection. In most cases just disconnect and reconnect will give you a new IP Address. But don't forget, Google has set cookies on your computer. They can trace these cookies and see whether they originate from the same computer.

5. Click Pattern 1
It is also suspicious when people click on their clicks and then run away immediately (hit-and-run). But normally, people will surf for a while inside your pages and then click on the ads they want.

6. Click Pattern 2
Why this computer / IP address / person is so trigger-click-happy on this particular website but never click on the ads on other sites?

7. Click Pattern 3
And why is it that people accessing these sites direct (type-in URL or from bookmark) tend to be very active ad-clickers compared with those referred from search engine or other sites?

8.Other Google Services
Apart from Google Adsense, Google also provide a series of services to us. Don't just think that it is safe if you do not log in your adsense account and click on your ads. What other Google services do they provide to us?Here are some: Gmail , Google Earth, Google Calendar, Google Search, Google Toolbar, Google Talk, Google Sitemap, Google Desktop, Blogger, or even Youtube .

9. Search Engine Ranking
Your website is not indexed on any search engine, not linked by any prominent website, but get consistently high traffic? How come people can access your website and click your ads? That will make Google to smell a rat.

10. Webpage design
How about the "Please click a link below" or "donate us by clicking the ads"? These kinds of encouragement is not in line with Google's TOS. Google can use their winning search engine, or even human eyes to check your sites from time to time.

Install XP in about 20 mins.

This tip will be very helpful for those who frequently install windows xp operating system. Normally OS installation takes around 40 minutes to complete, but through this trick you can now save 10-15 minutes. This simple tricks goes this way.

1. Boot through Windows XP CD.
2. After all the files are completely loaded, you get the option to select the partition. Select “c”.
3. Now Format the partition, whether it is normal or quick with NTFS or FAT
4. Once the formatting is completed, All the setup files required for installation are copied. Restart your system by pressing Enter.
Now, here begins the Simple trick to save 10-15 minutes.
5. After rebooting, you get a screen where it takes 40 minutes to complete or finalize the OS installation.
6. Now, Press SHIFT + F10 Key -> This opens command prompt.
7. Enter “Taskmgr” at the command prompt window. This will open Task Manager.
8. Click the Process Tab, here we find a process called Setup.exe -> Right Click on Setup.exe -> Set Priority -> Select High or Above Normal. Initially it will be Normal.
Thats it, no more work to do. Relax your self and see how fast the installation process completes

How To Add A Url Address Bar To The Taskbar.

          You can add an Internet URL address bar to your Windows XP taskbar. Doing so will let you type in URLs and launch Web pages without first launching a browser. It will also let you launch some native Windows XP applications in much the same way as you would via the Run menu (so you could type in calc to launch the calculator or mspaint to launch Microsoft Paint. Here's how you add the address bar:

1. Right-click on the taskbar, select Toolbars, and then click Address.

2. The word Address will appear on your taskbar.

3. Double click it to access it.

4. If that doesn't work, your taskbar is locked. You can unlock it by right-clicking on the taskbar again and uncheck Lock the Taskbar.

NOTE: You may also need to grab the vertical dotted lines beside the word Address and drag it to the left to make the Address window appear.